The Theory Of Crime And Deviance - 1248 Words

Human nature is very peculiar and different based on a multitude of reasons ranging from the atmosphere in which they are raised in or even psychological troubles that can affect their day to day living. A child raised with an abrupt childhood and a child raised in a well-educated family are both likely to become future incarcerated individuals due to deviant behavior. Genetics has no role in determining criminality however social interaction with the world and individuals can be a leading factor in a person’s criminogenic nature. Crime within the world is indeed prevalent everywhere and is just as common as it was in the Victorian or Egyptian era. However, to prevent the expansion of a broad and wide topic, this essay will stay microscopic and study the comprehension of Edwin Sutherlands â€Å"Differential Association theory† and Gresham Sykes and David Matza’s â€Å"Techniques of Neutralization†. Various sources and scholarly written articles alongside B arry Cartwright’s text-reader â€Å"Sociological Approach to Crime and Deviance† will be used to support the key responses to specified questions on the main topic. Edwin Sutherland’s â€Å"Differential Association theory† is a historical landmark in criminology. The theory became a vital part in integrating the perspectives of sociology in the study of criminology. The theory of Differential Association created a universal theoretical framework for research and a criteria for evaluating findings. As Akers discussed in his text-reader,Show MoreRelatedThe Conflict Theory Of Crime And Deviance1836 Words   |  8 PagesDeviance is simply thought of as something wrong that is opposed to traditional norms and expectations of society. To be more specific, deviance results from inequality in society. The documentary The House I Live In (2012) pointed out that the term â€Å"The War on Drugs† was born as a symbol of the conflict between the drug cartels and those who are trying to control them. The conflict theory analyzing crime and deviance in terms of the structures of society is the best instrument for explaining theRead MoreAs sess the functionalist theory of crime and deviance1813 Words   |  8 PagesAssess the functionalist view of crime and deviance. [21 marks] This essay will detail the functionalist perspective of crime and deviance. Functionalist theories began to emerge after the industrial revolution in the 18th century. This period was called the enlightenment, and brought about scientific belief as opposed to the feudalist beliefs of religion. Religion no longer had such a powerful impact on peoples’ lives. The aim of sociological theories such as functionalism is to cure social illsRead MoreMarxists theory to the sociological understanding of crime and deviance913 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Assess the contribution of the Marxist theory to the sociological understanding of crime and deviance. (21 marks) Marxism is a macro/structural approach to society, meaning that it looks at the large-scale societal structure for answers about how society works and operates and explores crime and deviance in relation to classes within a capitalist society. Marxists claim that laws do not reflect a value consensus, instead laws and law enforcement benefits the rich (protection of private property)Read MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Crime And Deviance1696 Words   |  7 Pagesand was one of the first to develop and explain a conflict perspective on how society functions, he was a liberal reformist who had more radical views about the origins of crime and deviance. He became popular in the US and UK during the 1970’s. Like many radical criminologists, he developed the perspective of the conflict theory that explained how some social interactions result in to conflict and how individuals engage in conflict daily to gain more social wealth and resources. As some groups haveRead MoreLabelling Theor ies Contribution to the Sociological Understanding of Crime and Deviance1069 Words   |  5 PagesLabelling Theories Contribution to the Sociological Understanding of Crime and Deviance Becker is the main sociologist studying labelling theory on deviance, he argues that social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance. Meaning acts only become deviant when observers perceive it and define it as deviant. An example of this would be the act of nudity, it is accepted in the bedroom between husband and wife or on a nudist campRead More The Usefulness of Sub-Cultural Theories in Understanding Crime and Deviance714 Words   |  3 Pagescultural theories in understanding crime and deviance. The functionalist suggested that understanding deviance lies in the studying it function for society rather than the individual itself. Also consensus is essential for society to function. All functionalist therefore argues that forms of social control are necessary to check deviant and to maintain social order. Merton theory of anomie is based on the ideas of the functionalist. Anomie encourages deviance. MertonRead MoreLabelling Theory in Explaining Crime and Deviance - A2 Sociology729 Words   |  3 Pageselsewhere, assess the usefulness of labelling theory in explaining crime and deviance. (21 marks) Labelling theorists are concerned with how and why certain people and actions come to be labelled as criminal or deviant, and what effects this has on those who are labelled as such. As stated in Item A, labelling theory is focused with how individuals construct society based on their interactions with each other. Becker emphasises the significance of crime being a social construct; an action only becomesRead MoreCompare and contrast two main sociological theories of crime and deviance.1636 Words   |  7 Pagessociological theories of crime and deviance. Deviance and crime are wide-ranging terms used by sociologists to refer to behavior that varies, in some way, from a social norm.  Cultural Norms are societys propensity towards certain ideals; their aversion from others; and their standard, ritualistic practices. Essentially the norm is a summation of typical activities and beliefs of group of people.  This essay will evaluate the sociological theories associated with crime and deviance and to compareRead MoreEvaluate the usefulness of Marxist theory to our understanding of crime and deviance1201 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluate the usefulness of Marxist theory to our understanding of crime and deviance (40 marks) Synopticity - Crime Deviance sociological theory Marxist explanations of crime and deviance, like their work on other areas like the family and education, rest on an economic and structural analysis of society that sees a class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. This struggle comprises the attempts by the proletariat to free themselves from the domination of the bourgeoisieRead MoreExamine and Assess the Usefulness of One of the Following Theories of Crime and Deviance in Terms of Explaining Crime and the Social Problems in Modern Society2181 Words   |  9 PagesExamine and assess the usefulness of one of the following theories of crime and deviance in terms of explaining crime and the social problems in modern society. A subculture is a cultural subgroup. They are considered opposite from the mainstream culture because of their uniqueness. They form when the mainstream culture fails to meet the needs of a particular group of people. Subculture theories primarily focus on crime and Juvenile delinquency. Theorists believe that if this pattern of offending

A Literature Review on Bitcoin Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Explore the literature review on Bitcoin. Answer: Literature review: Introduction: The world has globalized and so are the operations and the business carrying out in the market of this world. As suggested by TReid and Harrigan (2013), world is now a global village. The importance of economy and currency cannot be neglected. Where there raised a situation where the business is taking place without any consideration of boundaries and walls, there should be easy availability of currency as well. Several approaches have been made towards making the payment method easier and faster. The concept of e-money and e-commerce has long been used in the market (Mkiers et al. 3013). Contemporary situation has witnessed the importance of mobile wallet and transfer of money using applications in mobile phones. All these things are welcoming an approach towards a kind of money that could be used in the business. One such concept is the introduction of Bitcoin. The literature review section is done to evaluate the concepts related to the topic of research. In order to gain a lot of information, various academic materials are consulted. The theories and models proposed by eminent scholars are taken into consideration for gaining a fruitful result. All these things are important at the time on conducting a research. Thus, in this paper a literature review will be done on the topic Bitcoin, the future currency in the era of globalization. The concept of Bitcoin: Bitcoin is a digital currency designed for the recent market scenario. The currency was created in the year 2009. The idea set out behind the creation of the coin is to use the white paper by one of the mysterious individual Satoshi Nakamoto, whose identity has not yet been recognized (Nakamloto 2013). The idea of the named of Bitcoin is that a paper is termed as bit and the currency as the coin. The concept behind the creation of Bitcoin is the easy transfer of the money without paying a large amount of transaction fees. In the view point of Ron and Shamir (2013), the traditional online payment charges some amount of transaction amount that is to be paid to the bank or other financial organization related to the transaction. As pointed out by Jarecki et al. (2016), it must be a clear concept that there is no physical evidence of the Bitcoin. It is shown only as balance in the account of the user of the Bitcoin profile. The balance is maintained keeping all the accounting in mind suc h as the ledger or the balance sheet. At the time of transaction, a kind of verification is done as to undertake that the transaction of the money has been done without any kind of trouble or mishandling. The coin was available in various denominations as swell such as millibitcoin and microbitcoin. There have been more that 21 millions of bitcoins issued till 2016 (McCallum 2014). Role of Bitcoin: The Bitcoin operates in the manner as the ATM that includes a string of numbers or letters attached in a particular fashion. A pin is often offered to the user of the Bitcoin account for carrying out any kind of monetary transaction with any person throughout the world (Androulaki et al. 2013). However, in the year 2014, IRS declared that all digital currencies are to be charged with certain amount of transaction charges. Any gain or loss suffered in the Bitcoin will b considered as the gain or loss of the country as a whole. Thus, the transaction is to be included in the GDP of the country. This created an alarm among the users of the digital money system. The miners were the main users of this currency. These miners thought of getting a decentralized authority of the money without any intervention of the government (barber et al. 2012). For the same reason, a new Bitcoin system has been approach. The amount was fixed to the miners but periodically it has been seen that the value of this digital money was declining day by day. There was provision of blocking the payment to the person by the means of options available in the app itself. The currency was recognised as the future currency because the transaction was very easy. One has to install an app in their smart phone and the account was automatically created following a limit steps of instructions. Thus, lending and borrowing or in fact making payment has become very easy for the users. As from the view point of Decketr and Wattenhofer (2013), this electronic transfer of money would increase the transparency of the economic condition and the transfer of money taking place. This would reduce the rate of corruption and the ill practices that became very relevant in the society. However, the same concept was not very true and in fact arguments were made by Miller et al. (2014), that the concept of Bitcoin is increasing the chances of creation of more black money in the global market. One of the main advantages that were considered that the whole transaction could be easily recognized by the means of digital transaction became one major reason to worry about the mon etary balance of the GDP of the country. The miners using the currency find it very useful because it does not require any kind of specialized form to make it a currency. This could even save energy that are required for the production of the currency used in the market in the recent scenario. The minders were using efficient processors to keep a check of the things related to the transaction of the money through bitcoin. The easy handling of money and the online transaction could be considered as the strengths of the currency (Velde 2013). However, the fear of creation of the corrupt world and the malpractices arising due to the same the major weaknesses of this new digitalized currency. Like any other money, bitcoin also shows ups and downs in its value of share. It was based on the perception of the buyers and the sellers that the rate of the currency was fixed. No centralized banks would make any approaches towards the acceptance of the money (Yermack 2013). In fact there have been situations when the rise and fall of t he value of the currency has been evident. All these situations created a situation of dilemma among the users of the currency. Concept of future money: There has been introduction of various kinds of money transferring apps and accounts for the sake of making the process of transaction and payment easier. The concept of paytm, paypal and many other such apps and options developed by major successful industries have been considering the introduction of the same technique as an advanced approach to fight against the corrupt practices resulting in the creation of black money that are getting deposited in major bank accounts (Kriostoufek 2013). It must be kept in mind that the concepts behind the creation of these digital account is that some amount of money is stored in the account of these application from the main bank account and the user can use the same money for the sake of purchasing or transferring the money to someone. In the era of globalization, online shopping has become an important component in the present scenario. Thus any means of making payment directly through the online applications is a more welcome feature to be c oncerned of (Garman et al. 2013). However, the concept of Bitcoin is something different. It requires the complete creation of a new form of money that has no physical evidence at all. All kind of transaction is carried on online and a balance sheet is maintained by the miners that in online as well. The usage of these apps is increasing day by day. Mostly the teenagers are the major users of these apps who do not like to visit the banks for mere transaction of money. These apps have indeed made life much easier and simpler. However, when the money is transferred from the account of the person to the so called digital bank, for a particular time being, the money remains in the account of the online app (Hirst et al. 2015). It is during this time that the major corrupt practice can take place and the company operating the online sight might fly away with all the money of the user within a blink of an eye. The consumers will even not have any kind of situation of complaining against the site because the terms and conditions are set in respect of their own benefits. These are the situations that are creating trust issues among the users as well the government and the digital form of money is not getting accepted by the people (Beck 2015). Concept of globalization: With industrialization and post industrialization, the business and market became wider and far reaching. The advent of open economy and globalization has opened the sphere for the marketer to operate in any part of the world. The same approach has been made by many big and small companies to spread their wings not only in their domestic sphere but also internationally. The companies are taking the opportunity of the market and the population of a particular market and are expanding their business in those markets. With better strategic plan and implementation of certain promotional and advertising efforts the companies are capturing the market where they expanded and in some instances they are becoming dominant towards the other available companies in the same market. As stated by Beck (2015), that it is the companies of the developed nations who take the advantage of their power and popularity and went to the market of the developing countries. Looking at the purchasing capabilitie s and the market availability, the same product is marketed in the new environment and the companies are benefited. It has also been argued by Fujita and Thisse (2013), that the companies of the developing countries also take the advantage of the market of the developed nations and make approach to sell their products in their market. Several examples can be given of such situations and companies. Companies like TESCO, McDonald, Primark and many more to name for are taking the opportunity of the market and are going global. In fact, these companies are taking the advantage of merging with the existing companies in the particular country and operate under the name of the same company as one of the sister company or subsidiaries. These scenarios are quiet common and with the passage of time, more and more companies are following the same path for their business expansion. In fact, one of the strategic plans of the companies have been to expand their business in a global sphere. Abiding by the rules and regulations of the guidelines stated by the government, the companies are making better approaches towards the globalization process. In the scenario of globalization, an easy payment method is indeed needed and all this called for the digitalization of money. In fact, the online companies like Amazon, eBay are accept ing payment in the form of digital currency. It has become really efficient and easy for the consumers to make payment of what they are purchasing. Apart from purchasing things, other things such as paying the bills of electricity or mobile phones or any kind of payment can be made easily by the means of online payment. All these changing scenarios are welcoming the concept of digital money but at the same time it is creating a situation of trust issue and increasing corrupt practises in the current market scenario. Conclusion: The concept related to the topic of research has been analysed in the literature review section. However, literature review is not a merely a reading of the various concepts put forwarded by these scholars but it is much more than it. It helps a person to critically analyze the situations and derive a better conclusion of the facts and figures. It helped to create an argumentative approach towards various theories and analysis made on the topic. The information gathered from the various secondary sources such as the books, journals and even news articles related to the topic of discussion made the concept clear. There is no doubt that in the age of globalization and open economy there is no doubt that the world and the consumers are looking for an advanced and new kind of money or currency. Again with the advent of smart phone connecting with people has become much easier. The number of smart phone users has surpassed the expected number and the same is helping in connecting the world. Better approaches are being made towards making the globalized situation much easier. One approach has to be made towards the currency because no transaction is possible without the means of money. The world is no more dependent on the barter system but all that is required is money. However, with the digitalization of almost everything, complete digitalization of currency can be made possible in future. Thus, it can be concluded saying that the digitalization of the money is not a bad idea and in the present scenario such prospects are really welcomed. In order to create sustainability and a better future of the world and the planet, approaches must be made towards saving energy and resources that might be fulfilled if bitcoin or other such concepts are played in action. However, strict rules and regulations are to be made to make such operations and dealing more trustworthy and less harmful for the nation to be dragged into corruption or mal practices. Reference list: Androulaki, E., Karame, G.O., Roeschlin, M., Scherer, T. and Capkun, S., 2013. Evaluating user privacy in bitcoin. InFinancial Cryptography and Data Security(pp. 34-51). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Barber, S., Boyen, X., Shi, E. and Uzun, E., 2012. Bitter to betterhow to make bitcoin a better currency. InFinancial cryptography and data security(pp. 399-414). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Beck, U., 2015.What is globalization. John Wiley Sons. Decker, C. and Wattenhofer, R., 2013, September. Information propagation in the bitcoin network. InPeer-to-Peer Computing (P2P), 2013 IEEE Thirteenth International Conference on(pp. 1-10). IEEE. Fujita, M. and Thisse, J.F., 2013.Economics of agglomeration: cities, industrial location, and globalization. Cambridge university press. Garman, C., Green, M., Miers, I. and Rubin, A., 2013. Zerocoin: anonymous distributed e-Cash from Bitcoin. InIEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (Oakland). Grinberg, R., 2012. Bitcoin: an innovative alternative digital currency.Hastings Sci. Tech. LJ,4, p.159. Hirst, P., Thompson, G. and Bromley, S., 2015.Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. Jarecki, S., Kiayias, A., Krawczyk, H. and Xu, J., 2016, March. Highly-Efficient and Composable Password-Protected Secret Sharing (Or: How to Protect Your Bitcoin Wallet Online). In2016 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroSP)(pp. 276-291). IEEE. Kristoufek, L., 2013. BitCoin meets Google Trends and Wikipedia: Quantifying the relationship between phenomena of the Internet era.Scientific reports,3. McCallum, B.T., 2014. Bitcoin Issues. Miers, I., Garman, C., Green, M. and Rubin, A.D., 2013, May. Zerocoin: Anonymous distributed e-cash from bitcoin. InSecurity and Privacy (SP), 2013 IEEE Symposium on(pp. 397-411). IEEE. Miller, A., Juels, A., Shi, E., Parno, B. and Katz, J., 2014. Permacoin: Repurposing bitcoin work for data preservation, online full version: Nakamoto, S., 2013. Bitcoin: A peer-to peer electronic payment system. Reid, F. and Harrigan, M., 2013.An analysis of anonymity in the bitcoin system(pp. 197-223). Springer New York. Ron, D. and Shamir, A., 2013. Quantitative analysis of the full bitcoin transaction graph. InFinancial Cryptography and Data Security(pp. 6-24). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Velde, F., 2013. Bitcoin: A primer. Yermack, D., 2013.Is Bitcoin a real currency? An economic appraisal(No. w19747). National Bureau of Economic Research.